^Jvdp±o³ ]´mhqÀ
{]mNo\Ime¯pw a[yIme¯pw hmWnPyhpw kmwkvImcnIhn\nabhpw \S¶ncp¶Xv C´ymkap{Zw tI{µoIcn¨mbncp¶p. CXnsâ \nb{´Wamhs«, Ad_nIfpsSbpw XpÀ¡nIfpsSbpw PqXcpsSbpw ssIIfnembncp¶p. Ad_n¡¨hS¡mÀ hS¡pt\m¡nb{´w t]mepÅ kmt¦XnIhnZybpw _oPKWnXw t]mepÅ sshÚm\nIhnjb§fpw bqtdm¸nse¯n¨p.
15, 16 \qämWvSpIfnse `qanimkv{X]camb IWvSp]nSn¯§fpw kap{Zk©mchpamWv bqtdm]yÀ¡v temIm[n]Xyw Øm]n¡m³ ImcWambXv. IS¶pIbä§Ä AXXv {]tZi§fnse {]mNo\hpw X\XpkwkvImc§fpw \in¡m³ ImcWambn.
cm{ãobm[n]Xyw Øm]n¡p¶tXmsSm¸w kmwkvImcnIcwK¯pw IS¶pIbdnbhÀ taÂt¡mbva krãn¨p. CXneqsS bqtdm]yÀ X§fpsS aXhnizmkhpw BNmc§fpw temI¯p {]Ncn¸n¨p. Gjybnepw B{^n¡bnepw h³tXmXn tImf\nh¡cWhpw CXneqsS km[n¨p. temIhym]mc Ip¯IXs¶ Cw¥WvSv, {^m³kv, t]mÀ¨pKÂ, kvs]bn³ F¶o cmPy§fpsS ssIIfnembncp¶p.
`qanimkv{X]camb IWvSp]nSn §Ä¡v t\XrXzw \ÂInbhÀ
amÀt¡m t]mtfm
Cäenbnse sh\oknemWv kmlknI\mb amÀt¡m t]mtfm P\n¨Xv. 1271Â ISÂamÀKw ^ekvXo\nse¯n. AhnsS\n¶p ssN\bnte¡v.1292 emWv kz´w \m«nte¡p aS§nbXv. knwK¸qÀ, kpam{X, C´ybpsS sXt¡ ap\¼v F¶nh Npänbmbncp¶p bm{X.
sImfw_kv
t]mÀ¨pK cmPmhnsâ \mhnIkwL¯nse AwKambncp¶ sImfw_kv(1451þ1506) 1492 HtÎm_À 12 \mWv Atacn¡³ h³Icbnse¯p¶Xv. 1492 BKkvXv aq¶n\v kmâmacnb, \o\, ]nâ F¶o aq¶p I¸epIfnembmWp sImfw_kpw Iq«cpw bm{X]pds¸«Xv. kmlknIamb Cu bm{Xbvs¡mSphn HtÎm_À 12\v _lmakv Zzo]pIfn (Atacn¡³ h³Ic) F¯n. ]uckvXytZiamsW¶p sXän²cn¨ Ct±lw A¶m«pImsc "sdUv C´y³kv' F¶mWp hnfn¨Xv.
Atacn¡ am{Xaà Iyq_, slbvXn F¶o {]tZi§Ä IsWvS¯nbXpw sImfw_kv Xs¶. 1493 17 I¸epIfpw 1500 Hmfw \mhnIcpambn sImfw_kv hoWvSpw Atacn¡³ h³IcIfnse¯n. Xt±iobsc {Iqcambn sIms¶mSp¡pIbpw Bbnc¡W¡n\v BfpIsf ASnaIfm¡n kvs]bn\nte¡v sImWvSpt]mhpIbpw sNbvXp.
hmkvtIm U Kma
kmlknIbm{XnI\mb hmkvtIm U Kmasb ]pIgv¯n t]mÀ¨pKokv cmPmhv "C´y³ kap{Z¯nse \mhnItk\m]Xn' F¶p hntijn¸n¨ncp¶p.
aq¶p XhW Kma tIcf¯nse¯n. kap{Z]mXIsf¡pdn¨v AdnhpWvSmbncp¶ Ad_v \mhnI³ Al½Zv_v\p aPoZnsâ klmbt¯msS 1498 sabv 20\v tImgnt¡mSn\Sp¯pÅ Im¸m«mWv BZyw h¶Xv. 1502epw 1524epw Kma hoWvSpw tIcf¯nse¯nbn«pWvSv. tIcfhpambn Kma hym]mc_Ô¯nteÀs¸«p. A¡mes¯ kap{Zm[n]Xyw am¸nfamÀ¡mbncp¶p. KmabpsS hcthmsS CXv \ãs¸«p.
AacntKm shkv ]q¨n
sImfw_kv IsWvS¯nb "C´y' bYmÀY C´ybsöp temIs¯ t_m[ys¸Sp¯nbXv Cäen¡mc\mb AacntKm shkv]q¨nbmWv. 1492 emWv sImfw_kv "Atacn¡'bnse¯nbXv F¦nÂ, 1497 emWv shkv]q¨n bYmÀY Atacn¡bnse¯nbXv. CtXmsS At±lw IWvSp]nSn¨ \mSn\v Atacn¡ F¶ t]cpw hoWp.
saKó
kvs]bn\nÂ\n¶v A©p I¸epIfpambmWv 1519 saKÃ\pw kwLhpw kmlknIbm{X XpS§nbXv. kv]m\njv `cWm[nImcnbmbncp¶ NmÄknsâ \nÀtZi{]Imcambncp¶p CXv. aq¶phÀjs¯ kmlknIbm{Xbvs¡mSphn ]«nWnInS¶pw {]IrXnt£m`¯nepw s]«v kwL¯nepÅ an¡hcpw sImÃs¸«p. CuÌn´y³ hÀK¡mcpambpÅ Gäpap«en saKÃ\pw sImÃs¸«p. IqsSbpWvSmbncp¶hÀ bm{X XpSÀ¶p. Htc Znibn am{Xw k©cn¨ AhÀ `qansb hew h¨v bm{X Bcw`n¨ Øe¯p Xs¶ Xncns¨¯n.
hgnsXfn¨ LSI§Ä
1. 1453  tdma¡mcpsS ssIbnÂ\n¶p XpÀ¡nIÄ tIm¬kvämânt\m¸nÄ IogS¡nbXv: Ing¡pw ]Snªmdpw X½n _Ôn¸n¡m³ ]pXnsbmcp kap{Z]mX Bhiyambn h¶p.
2. cmPm¡³amcpsS t{]mÂkml\w: A¡mes¯ bqtdm]y³ `cWm[nImcnIÄ kap{Zbm{XIsf t{]mÂkmln¸n¨ncp¶p.
3. kmlknIX
4. a[yIme bqtdm¸n Irjn A`nhr²ns¸«p. CXp hnägn¡m\pw h³ em`w t\Sm\pw tImf\ncmPy§Ä thWsa¶mbn.
5. ]uckvXytemIs¯ kpKÔhyRvP\§Ä t]mepÅ k¼¯p ssI¡em¡Â.
\thm°m\w
bqtdm¸ns\ a[yImeL«¯n \n¶v B[p\nI Ime¯nte¡p \bn¨Xp \thm°m\{]kvYm\amWv.
Iem- þsshÚm\nI cwK§fnse ]p¯³ DWÀhns\bmWv \thm°m\w F¶XpsImWvSv Dt±in¡p¶Xv. `qanimkv{X]camb IWvSp]nSn¯§fneqsS ]pXnb \Kc§Ä hfÀ¶ph¶p. CXp \thm°m\¯n\p hgnsXfn¨p.
hyànkzmX{´yw, _p²n]camb DWÀhv F¶nhbmWv \thm°m\¯nsâ khntijXIÄ. aX]chpw ssZhnIhpamb {]iv\§Ä B[mcam¡n am{Xw hfÀ¶ph¶ IemþkmwkvImcnI þ kmlnXycwK¯p am\pjnI{]iv\§Ä NÀ¨sN¿m³ XpS§nbXv \thm°m\ ImeL«¯nemWv. Cämenb³ Fgp¯pImc\mb s]{SmÀ¡mWv am\hnIXbpsS ]nXmhmbn Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv.
\thm°m\ ImeL«¯nse
{][m\ kmlnXyImcÀ
1. tXmakv aqÀ
2. amÀ«n³ eqYÀ
3. tNmkÀ
4. Fdmkv akv
5. skÀhmâkv
IemImcÀ
1. ssa¡em©tem
2. Snjy³
3. t_mZnskÃn
4. Umhn©n
imkv{XÚÀ
1. tIm¸À \n¡kv
2. sFkIv \yq«³
3. FUvaWvSv lmen
4. hneyw lmÀhn
5. slÂaWvSv
6. Keoentbm
7. KnÂ_À«v
8. t\¸nbÀ
9. hnbäm
10. sÌhn³
