sI  A-jv-d-^v 

tIcf¯nse kÀhI£n tbmPn¸pÅ Hcp A]qÀh Imw]bn\mbncp¶p kZmNmc t]menknMns\Xntc \S¶Xv. {]Wbw, ssewKnIX F¶nh hyànbpsS AhImisa¶ kao]\w henb ]n´pW t\SnsbSp¡p¶Xn hnPbn¨ncp¶p. am[ya§fnepw aäpw [mcmfw NÀ¨IÄ \S¶p. F¶mÂ, C¯csamcp P\m[n]Xy At\zjWw hgnap«p¶ Nne CS§Ä IqSnbpWvSv F¶ Xncn¨dnhv \nÀWmbIamWv. {]Wbw, ssewKnIX F¶nhsbms¡ hyànbhImiamsW¶pw AhbpsS hn\ntbmKw kapZmbw, cm{ãw, IpSpw_w Hs¡ tNÀ¶p XSbcpsX¶papÅ hmZw Nne {]tXyI kmaqlnIØm\¯pÅhÀ¡p _m[Iasö Hcp AenJnX \nbaw Cu Imw]bn\n ImWmhp¶XmWv. 

DZmlcW¯n\v euPnlmZnt\mSpÅ kao]\w Xs¶sbSp¡mw. Hcp hyàn¡v Ah³/ AhÄ Cãs¸Sp¶ Bsf {]Wbn¨p hnhmlw Ign¡msa¶ hfsc {]mYanIamb Hcp hyànbhImisa¶Xv apkvenw sNdp¸¡mcpsS Imcy¯n \S¸nà F¶p hcp¶p. apkvenw sNdp¸¡mcmsW¦n {]Wbaà \S¡p¶Xv; "hioIcWw', "X«ns¡mWvSpt]mIÂ' F¶nhsbms¡bmWv (eoemtat\ms\t¸mepÅhÀ CXp Iaem kpc¿bpsS aXwamähpambn _Ôs¸Sp¯n hsc ]dbp¶p). tIcfw IWvS Gähpw kwLSnXhpw Bkq{XnXhpamb "tamd t]menknMv' Bbncp¶p euPnlmZv F¶p ]dbm³ F´psImWvSv am[yaþkmwkvImcnItemI¯n\p km[n¨nà F¶Xnsâ Hcp]mSv D¯c§fnsem¶v, apkvenw bphmhn\p \½psS s]mXpPohnX¯n CÃmsXt]mhp¶, Akm[yamhp¶ AhImi§fptSXmWv. ImcWw, Cu sNdp¸¡¡mÀ apkvenw Bhp¶XneqsS C§s\bpÅ AhImi§fpsS "]pd¯p' Pohn¡p¶hcmWv. 

asämcp DZmlcWw t\m¡mw. sImSnb¯qcn _mh sImÃs¸« Znhkw \½psS Nm\epIfpw kmwkvImcnI \mbI·mcpsams¡ \S¯nb "tamd t]menknMv' hncp² Imw]bn³ {it²bambncp¶p. Nne Nm\ Xes¡«pIÄ CXm: ""Xo{hhmZ_Ôhpw At\zjn¡pw'' (at\mca \yqkv), ""Xo{hhmZkwLw ]n¶nse¶v kwibw'' (C´ymhnj³), ""sIme]mXI¯n\p ]n¶n aXXo{hhmZnIsf¶v kqN\'' (Gjyms\äv \yqkv), tIcf¯nsâ kz´w kJmhv hn Fkv A^vKm\ntem«p h¨p]nSn¨p: "tIcf¯n Xmen_m\nkw hfcp¶p.' ChnsS euPnlmZn \n¶p hyXykvXambn kZmNmc t]menknMnsâ "Ipäw' hfsc Ffp¸w apkvenan\p In«nbncn¡p¶p. Ad_nt¸cpÅhÀ kZmNmc t]menkmhpt¼mÄ am{Xw "Xo{hhmZw', "Xmen_m³' F¶o Bib§fpw hntZi {]Øm\§fpw ChnsS NÀ¨Isf \nb{´n¡p¶p. cWvSpaq¶p Znhkw ap¼v s\¿män³Ic D]XncsªSp¸v Ignª Znhkw BÀ.Fkv.Fkv \S¯nb Hcp A{Ia{]hÀ¯\s¯ "Xmen_m³ tamUÂ' F¶mWp {]apJ ]{Xw hntijn¸n¨Xv. BÀ. Fkv.Fkns\ FXnÀ¡pt¼mgpw "A{Iahmk\' F¶Xv ChnsS Hcp apkvenw kz`mhambmWv {]kvXpX ]{Xw ImWp¶Xv. 

apkvenans\ "]pd¯p\n¶pÅ `ojWn' Bbn ImWp¶ kao]\w euPnlmZnsâ cWvSmw duWvSnepw ImWmw. euPnlmZns\ Ipdn¨pÅ IemIuapZnbpsS ]pXnb IsWvS¯Â euPnlmZv Hcp A´mcm{ã KqVmtemN\ BsW¶mWtÃm. apkvenw ssewKnIambn A[x]Xn¨h\pw  cm{ãobambn ]ng¨h\pamsW¶pÅ Hcp hniIe\coXn ChnsS ImWmhp¶XmWv. F¶mÂ, Cu `oXnbpw D¡WvTbpw ]pd¯p\n¶pÅ `ojWnbpw atXXcþtZiob PohnX¯nsâ XIÀ¨bpambmWv euPnlmZv t]mepÅhsb FXnÀ¡p¶ apkvenw Fgp¯pImcpsS hniIe\§fn hsc ImWp¶Xv. C¯csamcp ImgvN¸mSv, B[p\nI C´y F¶ atXXcþtZiob cm{ãicocw ]p\ÊwLSn¸n¡s¸Sp¶XpXs¶ apkvenw icoc¯nsâ _lnjvIcW¯neqsSbmsW¶ {]iv\s¯ ImWm³ Iq«m¡p¶nÃ. am{XaÃ, Hcp [Àatcmjw F¶Xne¸pdw Hcp cm{ãob{]iv\sa¶ \nebv¡v hnIkn¸n¡p¶Xn {]kvXpX hniIe\§Ä ]cmPbs¸Sp¶p. 

apkvenw icocs¯¡pdn¨ `oXnIfpw D¡WvTIfpw tZiobþatXXcPohnX¯n XpScp¶Xv sImtfmWnb kzm[o\t¯msSbmsW¶v \nch[n ]T\§Ä ImWn¡p¶p. sImtfmWnbenkhpw A\p_Ô Øm]\§fpw khntijambn¯s¶ ssewKnIXsb tI{µoIcn¨ hyhlmc§Ä apkvenan\p tase cq]s¸Sp¯p¶Xmbn cpNn Kp]vXsbt¸mepÅhÀ hmZn¡p¶p. AhÀ ]dbp¶Xv, 1857se H¶mw kzmX{´ykac¯n\p tijw apkvenw BWp§sf {_n«ojv `cW\nÀhlW{]{InbIÄ tcJs¸Sp¯p¶Xv Htckabw ssewKnIambn A[x]Xn¨hcpw cm{ãobambn A]ISImcnIfpambn«mWv. apkvenansâ sImtfmWnb PohnX¯nsâ Hcp (]cn)`mj tZiob atXXc (ssewKnI)PohnX¯nse euPnlmZv, apkvenwIÄ DÄs¸« tamd t]menknMv XpS§nb NÀ¨Ifnepw ImWmw. AXmbXv, tZiobþatXXcPohnX¯nsâ XIÀ¨bà hÀ¯am\Imes¯ apkvenw{]iv\w,adn¨v, tZiobþatXXcPohnX¯n XpScp¶ {_mÒW/sImtfmWnb B[n]XyPohnX¯nsâ XpSÀ¨bpw \ho\amb ]cn`mjbpamWv. CXmWp ]pXnb kmlNcy§fn BhÀ¯n¡pIbpw ]pXp¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ cmjv{Sob{]iv\ambn ImWm³ IgntbWvSXv. 

apkvenansâ atXXcþtZiob ]cn`mjbpsS Cu {]iv\w A£cmÀY¯n ImWm³ ]e apkvenw _p²nPohnIfpw Gsd BZcthmsS ]dbp¶ CSXp atXXctNcnbnse Nne kplr¯p¡Ä D]tbmKn¡p¶ ]pXnb Nne Ad_nhm¡pIÄ ]cntim[n¨m aXnbmhpw. ]WvSv kn.]n.Fw ae¸pdw kt½f\¯n JdZmhnbpsS ^Xvhsb tI{µoIcn¨p ]n sI t]m¡À \S¯nb Nne \nco£W§Ä C¯csamcp atXXc ]cn`mjbmbncp¶p. t]m¡dpsS hniIe\¯nsâ XpSÀ¨ cWvSp Znhkw ap¼v ae¸pd¯v hnPbcmLh³ \S¯nb {]tbmK§fn ImWmw: ""]mW¡mSv X§fpsS ^Xvhb\pkcn¨mWv D½³NmWvSn tIcfw `cn¡p¶Xv,'' ""eoKv ae¸pdw PnÃbn icoA¯v \nbaw {]Jym]n¡pIbmWv.'' apkvenw cm{ãobI£n \S¯p¶ Hcp sIme]mXIw aX]cambn {]tNmZn¸n¡s¸«XmsW¶p ]dbp¶ hnPbcmLh³ hfsc thKw ^Xvh, icoA¯v XpS§n CkvemanI PohnX¯nse hfsc hyXykvXamb  cWvSp kmt¦XnI]Z§Ä Xsâ hmZ¯n\p aqÀ¨ Iq«m³ D]tbmKn¡p¶p. 

hnPbcmLhsâ Dt±iyw eoKns\ hnaÀin¡embncp¶p. AXn\p hnPbcmLh\v XtâXmb \ymb§fpw ImWpw. F¶mÂ, cWvSv Ad_nhm¡pIÄ hfsc thKw \ncp¯chmZt¯msS FSp¯p]tbmKn¡m ³ Ignbp¶Xv apkvenw PohnXs¯ ssIImcyw sN¿p¶XnepÅ efnX "atXXc' kao]\amWv. apkvenwIftÃ, F´p ]dªmepw {]iv\anà F¶ Hcp sk¡peÀ Al´ AhnsS {]hÀ¯n¨p. Cu Al´ am{XaÃ, t\cs¯ kqNn¸n¨ sImtfmWnb A[nImc \nÀhlWcoXnIfpw kq£vaambn CSXp atXXccn ImWm³ Ignbp¶p. BÀ.Fkv.Fkv klImcnIfmb ]{X{]hÀ¯IÀ CXp hfsc ap¼pXs¶ ]dbp¶XmWv. AXn henb AZv`pXsam¶panÃ. F¶mÂ, "atXXcþ]ptcmKa\' ho£WapÅ am[ya{]hÀ¯Icpw cm{ãob{]hÀ¯Icpw \S¯p¶ {]kvXmh\IfnepÅ "\m¡p]ng' IÄ IqSpX hniIe\w AÀln¡p¶XmWv. 

_mhbpsS sIme]mXIw Xmen_m³, apkvenw sNdp¸¡mcpsS sNdp¸¡mcpsS {]Wbw euPnlmZv, eoKv _ÔapÅhÀ \S¯nsb¶p ]dbp¶ sIme]mXIw icoA¯v ^Xvh! Chbnsems¡ tIcf¯nse apkvenw PohnX¯nsâ Ad_n]Z§fnte¡pw hntZi kmlNcy§fnte¡papÅ hnhÀ¯\apWvSv. Cu hnhÀ¯\ cm{ãobw apkvenans\bpw Ahsâ PohnXs¯bpw hoWvSpw hoWvSpw `cW]cambpw kmwkvImcnIambpw "t]menknMn'\p hnt[bam¡p¶Xnsâ atXXcþtZiob kmlNcyamWv. C§s\sbmcp kmlNcyw Ffp¸w D]tbmKn¡msa¶XpsImWvSmWv "amimAÃmlv' F¶ Ìn¡À H«n¨ ImÀ Sn ]n N{µtiJÀ h[¯n\ptijw D]tbmKn¨Xv.  "amimAÃmlv' F¶ hfsc sNdnb Hcp NnÓw t]mepw Hcp {]tXyI kapZmbs¯ e£yanSp¶Xn\v D]tbmKn¡msa¶ Nn´ "apkvenw kaw A{IaImcn' F¶ ASnØm\¯n DÅXmWv. CXpXs¶bmWv BÀ.Fkv.Fkv B{Ias¯ "Xmen_m³' F¶pw eoKpImÀ \S¯nb sIme]mXIs¯ "icoA¯v' F¶pw  hnfn¡p¶ efnX hniIe\§fnepw ImWm³ Ignbp¶Xv.

hn Fkv ANypXm\µ³ sN§dbnse kac¡msc "tamãm¡Ä' F¶p hnfn¨ncp¶p. ]n¶oSv Hcp s]mXp{]hÀ¯Isb e£yan«v "A`nkmcnI' F¶ {]tbmKhpw \S¯n. "tIcfw 20 hÀj¯n\Iw CkvemanI kvtääv Bhp'sa¶ {]kvXmh\bpw At±l¯ntâXmWv. ChnsS ZenXpIÄ, kv{XoIÄ Hs¡ \½psS \m«n Xs¶bpÅ "Zpjn¸p'IfpsS `mKamWv. Ch \½psS atXXc cm{ãicoc¯nsâ AIs¯ "Zpjn¸p'IfmWv. "tamjWw', ssewKnIs¯mgnÂ' F¶nh \½psS "DÅnÂ'Xs¶bpÅ hgn]ng¡epIfmWv. F¶mÂ, apkvenw F¶ Zpjn¸v atXXccm{ã¯nsâ "]pd¯p' \n¶mWv hcp¶Xv. aebmfn apkvenansâ PohnXw C§s\ "]pd't¯¡p ]cn`mjs¸Sp¯p¶psh¶mWv PnlmZv, icoA¯v, ^Xvh, Xmen_m³ F¶o hm¡pIsfms¡ kqNn¸n¡p¶Xv. 

ZenXv  F¶ "AIw A]c\pw' apkvenw F¶ "]pdw A]c\pw' \nÀan¡s¸«XpXs¶ (atXXcþtZiob PohnXambn hnhÀ¯\w sN¿s¸«) D¶X PmXn lnµpPohnX¯nsâ Bi¦IÄ¡pw BIpeXIÄ¡pw NpäpamWv F¶mWp Zneo]v tat\m\pw Fw Sn A³kmcnbpw \nco£n¡p¶Xv. \½psS am[ya§fpw atXXc _p²nPohnIfpw apkvenans\ "]pd¯m¡p¶Xn' hln¡p¶ ]¦v ChnsS hfsc hyàamWv. 

AXpsImWvSv tIcf¯n AhImi§Ä DÅ a\pjycmbn amdm³ apkvenwIÄ kzbw \St¯WvS kac§fpsS khntijX F¶Xv atXXc ]cn`mjItfmSv \St¯WvS kacw IqSnbmWv. CXv am[yahXvIrX atXXc ap³KW\IfpsS Imcy¯n IqSnbmsW¶v FSp¯p]dtbWvSXpWvSv.