]n.]n. djoZv

A[n\nthihpw D·qe\hpw ]ndhnbn Xs¶ {]tbmK¯n sImWvSph¶ cmPyamWv Atacn¡. 1776 B[p\nI Atacn¡ Øm]n¡s¸«Xp apX C¶phsc  Atacn¡bpsS  Cu  A[n\nthikz`mh¯n amäsam¶pw DWvSmbn«nÃXm\pw. Atacn¡bnse BZna\nhmknIfmbn Adnbs¸Sp¶ Aacn´yÀ AYhm sdUv C´y¡mÀ F¶ \m«pImcmb P\hn`mKs¯ sIms¶mSp¡nbpw B«ntbmSn¨pamWv \mw C¶p ImWp¶ temI¯nse Gähpw henb km¼¯nIþssk\nIiànbmb bpss\äUv tÌävkv Hm^v Atacn¡ F¶ B[p\nI Atacn¡ cq]w sImÅp¶Xv.  15mw \qämWvSp apX Bcw`n¨ bqtdm]y³ IpSntbäw AXphsc `qcn]£ P\hn`mKambncp¶ Aacn´ysc sNdp \yq\]£ hn`mKam¡n amän. C¶p \mw ImWp¶ Atacn¡³ P\Xbn 75 iXam\hpw shÅ¡mcmWv. Idp¯hÀK¡mcmhs«, 12 iXam\hpw. Xt±iobcmb Aacn´yÀ tIhew Hcp iXam\ta hcq. _m¡nbpÅhcn Gjy³ hwiPcpw sXt¡ Atacn¡bnÂ\n¶p IpSntbdnbhcpamWv.
{Inkvä^À sImfw_kv F¶ Cämenb³ \mhnI³ 1492 Atacn¡³ h³Icbnse Zzo]pIfnsem¶n F¯nbtXmsSbmWv \qämWvSpIfmbn X§Ä Pohn¨ph¶ a®nÂ\n¶p IpSnbnd¡s¸Sp¶Xnte¡v  Aacn´y³ hwiPÀ \nÀ_ÔnXcmbXv F¶p ]dbmw. sImfw_kns\ XpSÀ¶v ]n¶oSv t]mÀ¨pKÂ, kvs]bn³, Cw¥WvSv, {^m³kv, s\XÀe³Uvkv XpS§nb bqtdm]y³ cmPy§fpsS Hgp¡mbncp¶p hSt¡ Atacn¡bnte¡v. Chcn Cw¥WvSnÂ\n¶mbncp¶p {][m\ IpSntbäw. \htemIw (New world) IsWvS¯nsb¶ [mcWbnemWp bqtdm]ycpsS Atacn¡³ h³Icbnte¡pÅ IpSntbäw thKw ssIhcn¨Xv. sImfw_knsâ hchn\p tijw 1497 AacntKm shkv]qNnsb¶ asämcp Cämenb³ \mhnI\pw Atacn¡³ h³Icbnse¯n. Ct±l¯nsâ  t]cn \n¶mWv Atacn¡sb¶ \maw ]ndhnsImWvSXv. 1776 Pqsse \mense kzmX{´y{]Jym]\t¯msSbmWv bpss\äUv kvtäävkv Hm^v Atacn¡ HutZymKnIambn \nehn h¶Xv. bp.Fkv, bp.Fkv.F, Atacn¡, bpss\äUv kvtäävkv  F¶n§s\bpw Atacn¡ Adnbs¸Sp¶p.
hS¡v AävemânIv kap{Zw apX Ing¡v ]k^nIv kap{Zw hsc hym]n¨pInS¡p¶ Atacn¡bpsS Ic`mKs¯ AXnÀ¯nIÄ ]Snªmdv saIvknt¡mbpw hS¡v Im\UbpamWv.

Atacn¡³ kzmX{´ykacw
ap¼p kqNn¸n¨Xp t]mse Atacn¡bnse {][m\ IpSntbä¡mÀ {_n«njpImcmbncp¶p. ]WapWvSm¡embncp¶p IpSntbä¡mcpsS {][m\ e£yw. {^©pImÀ¡pw kvs]bn³ImÀ¡pw tijamWp  {_n«njpImÀ Atacn¡bn IpSntbäw XpS§nbsX¦nepw AXnthKamWv ChÀ tImf\nIÄ Øm]n¨v A[nImcw ssIbmfm³ XpS§nbXv. CtXmsSm¸w aX\hoIcW¯n\p thWvSn \nesImWvSXnsâ t]cn {_n«\nÂ\n¶p c£s¸tSWvSnh¶ ]yqcnä³ {InkvXym\nIfpw Atacn¡bnemWv A`bw tXSnsb¯nbXv. Chsc¯pSÀ¶v \nch[n ]yqcnä³amÀ ]n¡me¯v Atacn¡bn IpSntbäw \S¯n. ChÀ Øm]n¨XmWv akm¨pskävkv tImf\n.  1732 Bbt¸mtg¡pw  C§s\ 13 {_n«njv tImf\nIfmWv Atacn¡bn Øm]n¡s¸«Xv.
akm¨pskävkv IWIvänI«,v tdmUv sFeâv, \yqlw]vsjbÀ, \yqtbmÀ¡v, \yqPgvkn, s]\nknÂhm\nb, sUehbÀ, shÀPo\nb, tacnem³Uv, t\mÀ¯v Itcmen\, ku¯v Itcmen\, tPmÀPnb F¶nhbmbncp¶p {_n«njv IpSntbä¡mÀ Øm]n¨ 13 tImf\nIÄ. `cW¯n tImf\nhmknIÄ¡p IqSn ]¦mfn¯apÅ Xc¯nemWp ]e tImf\nIfpw hnIkn¨Xv. tImf\nhmknIfpsS iàamb sNdp¯p\n¸mWv Cu `mKnIkzmX{´yw km[yam¡nbXv. F¶mÂ, CXnt\mSv {_n«\nse cmP`cWIqS¯n\p Xm¸cyapWvSmbncp¶nÃ. {_n«njv `cWIqSw tImf\nIÄ¡pta ISp¯ \nba§fpw \n_Ô\Ifpw XpSÀ¨bmbn ASnt¨Â¸n¡m³ XpS§n. tImf\nIfn `cWw \S¯m³ {_n«njv cmPmhv \nban¨ KhÀWÀamtcmSp tImf\n\nhmknIÄ¡p Xm¸cyapWvSmbncp¶nÃ. 1763 Bbt¸mtg¡pw tImf\nIfpw {_n«njv `cWIqShpw X½nepÅ `n¶X cq£ambn. {_n«njv ]«mft¯mSv tImf\nIfpsS kwbpàssk\yw 1775 apX 1783 hsc Gäpap«p¶Xnte¡mWv CXp \bn¨Xv. Cu t]mcm«amWv tImf\nIfpsS kzmX{´y¯nte¡pw Atacn¡sb¶ cmjv{S¯nsâ ]ndhn¡pw \nZm\ambXv. t]mcm«¯ns\mSphn tImf\nssk\yw {_n«njv ]«mfs¯ ]cmPbs¸Sp¯n. Atacn¡bpsS kzmX{´yt¸mcm«w hnPbXocaWnbpIbpw sNbvXp.

t_mkvä¬ So ]mÀ«n
tImf\nIfpsS ta \nb{´W§Ä ASnt¨Â¸n¡p¶Xp {_n«njv `cWIqSw iàam¡n F¶p ap¼p kqNn¸n¡pIbpWvSmbn. C§s\ \S¸m¡nb \nba§fmbncp¶p jpKÀ BIväpw Ìm¼v BIväpw. Ìm¼v BIväv {]Imcw FÃm \nba]camb tcJIfnepw 20 jnÃnMv hnehcp¶ Ìm¼v ]Xn¡Â \nÀ_Ôam¡n. jpKÀ BIväv A\pkcn¨v ]pIbne, tXbne, ]©kmc XpS§nbh tImf\nIÄ {_n«\nte¡p am{Xta Ibän Ab¡mhq F¶p h¶p. tImf\nIfnÂ\n¶p \nIpXn Npa¯m\pÅ AhImiw {_n«njv ]mÀesaân\msW¶ {_n«sâ  Xocpam\hpw tImf\nIÄ Cd¡paXn sN¿p¶ tXbne,  I®mSn, ISemkv F¶nhbv¡pta Cd¡paXn¨p¦w GÀs¸Sp¯m\pÅ Xocpam\hpw ISp¯ {]Xntj[amWpWvSm¡nbXv. {]Xntj[w iàambt¸mÄ tXbnebpsS Cd¡paXn \ne\nÀ¯n _m¡nbpÅh FSp¯pIfªp. CtX¯pSÀ¶v, Cw¥ojv I¸epIfnse¯nbncp¶ tXbne tImf\nhmknIÄ Cd¡m³ hnk½Xn¨p. 1773 tXbnebpambn t_mkvä¬ XpdapJs¯¯nb {_n«njv I¸ente¡v AXn{Ian¨p IS¶ tImf\nhmknIÄ tXbnes¸«nIÄ ISente¡p hens¨dnªp. CXmWp t_mkvä¬ So ]mÀ«n F¶ t]cn Adnbs¸«Xv.
1774 13 tImf\nIfnsebpw {]Xn\n[nIÄ ^nemUÂ^nbbn kt½fn¨p. 55 {]Xn\n[nIÄ ]s¦Sp¯ Cu kt½f\amWv H¶mw tImWvSn\â tIm¬{Kkv F¶dnbs¸Sp¶Xv. tIm¬{Kkv X¿mdm¡nb AhImi{]Jym]\ tcJ tImf\nIfpsS k½XanÃmsX \nIpXn Npa¯cpsX¶mhiys¸«p. CXnt\mSv cq£ambmWp {_n«njv `cWIqSw {]XnIcn¨X.v tImf\nIÄs¡Xntc ssk\nI \S]Sn¡p {_n«njv cmPmhv tPmÀPv aq¶ma³ D¯chn«p. Atacn¡³ kzmX{´yt¸mcm«¯nsâ XpS¡ambncp¶p CXv. 1775 ^nemUÂ^nbbn H¯pIqSnb tImf\n¡mÀ tPmÀPv hmjnMvSWns\ tImf\nssk\y¯nsâ ta[mhnbmbn XncsªSp¡pIbpw tImf\nIÄ¡p ap¼pWvSmbncp¶ AhImi§Ä ]p\Øm]n¡Wsa¶v Bhiys¸«p {_n«njv cmPmhn\p \nthZ\w kaÀ¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. Henhv imJm \nthZ\w F¶mWv CXdnbs¸Sp¶Xv.
XpSÀ¶v, 1776 Pqsse \men\v ^nemUÂ^nbbn tNÀ¶ cWvSmw tImWvSn\â tIm¬{Kkv kzmX{´y{]Jym]\hpw bpss\äUv tÌävkv Hm^v Atacn¡bpsS cq]h¡cWhpw {]Jym]n¨p.  CXp tImf\nssk\yhpw {_n«njv ]«mfhpw X½nepÅ Xpd¶ bp²¯nte¡p \bn¨p. A©phÀjw \oWvS Cu bp²¯ns\mSphn 1781 HtÎm_À 19\v tbmÀIv SuWn P\d NmÄkv tIm¬hmenknsâ t\XrXz¯nepÅ {_n«njv tk\ IogS§n. CtXmsS t]mcm«hpw Ahkm\n¨p. 1783 ]mcnkv DS¼Snbn H¸ph¨tXmsS {_n«³ tImf\nIfpsS kzmX{´yw AwKoIcn¨p.

BZys¯ enJnX `cWLS\
kzmX{´yw t\Snsb¦nepw Hmtcm kvtäänepw Ip¯gnª ØnXnbnembncp¶p \nba§Ä. ]eXn\pw kz´w Id³knbpw  ssk\yhpw hsc DWvSmbncp¶p. 1787 ^nemUÂ^nbbn tNÀ¶ s^Ud I¬h³j³ Atacn¡³ sFIy\mSpIfpsS `cWLS\bv¡p cq]w \ÂIpIbpw 1788 Pq¬ 21\v ]pXnb `cWLS\ {]m_ey¯n hcp¯pIbpw sNbvXp. kpiàamb tI{µkÀ¡mcpw kzX{´m[nImc§fpÅ kwØm\§fpw tNÀ¶ `cWkwhn[m\amWp ]pXnb `cWLS\ apt¶m«ph¨Xv. temIs¯ FgpXs¸« BZy `cWLS\bpw Gähpw sNdnbXpw Atacn¡³ `cWLS\bmWv.

B`y´cbp²w

1861þ65 Ime¯v ASna¯{]iv\s¯ sNmÃn sX¡³ kwØm\§fpw hS¡³ kwØm\§fpw X½nepWvSmb hn`mKob kwLÀjamWv Atacn¡³ B`y´cbp²w. A{_lmw en¦Wmbncp¶p C¡mes¯ {]knUâ.v hS¡³ kwØm\§Ä ASna¯w \nÀ¯em¡Wsa¶mhiys¸«t¸mÄ sX¡³ kwØm\§Ä ASna¯s¯ A\pIqen¨p. CtX¯pSÀ¶v 11 sX¡³ kwØm\§Ä Atacn¡³ bq\nb\nÂ\n¶p thÀs]«v tIm¬s^Utdäv  tÌävkv Hm^v Atacn¡ cq]oIcn¨p. en¦³ `cWIqSw CXv AwKoIcn¨nÃ. Atacn¡bpsS Ncn{X¯n¯s¶ Gähpw IqSpX t]À sImÃs¸« B`y´cbp²¯n\v CXp XpS¡amhpIbmbncp¶p. 1865 hS¡³ kwØm\§fpsS hnPbt¯msS bp²w Ahkm\n¡pIbpw `cWLS\mt`ZKXnbneqsS ASna¯w \nbahncp²am¡pIbpw sNbvXp.