{_n«njv `cW¯ns\Xntc \S¶ C´ybnse BZys¯ kwLSnX sNdp¯p\n¸mbncp¶p 1857se H¶mw kzmX{´ykacw. H¶mw kzmX{´ykac¯n\p \nch[n ImcW§fpWvSv. {_n«njpImcpsS km¼¯nINqjWw, ]nSns¨Sp¡Â\bw F¶nh C´y³ P\Xbv¡p ta Icn\ng hogv¯n. cmPys¯ ]c¼cmKX IpSnÂhyhkmbw, ImÀjnItaJe F¶nhsb {_n«njv \b§Ä XIÀ¨bnem¡n. {_n«njpImÀ C´ybn \S¸m¡m³ {ian¨ aX]cnhÀ¯\w cmPys¯ lnµp¡fnepw apkvenwIfnepw {]iv\w krãn¨p. C´y³ \m«pcmPm¡·mcpsS A[nImc§fpw AhImi§fpw CÃmXmbn. ssk\nIcpsS AkwXr]vXnbmWp Iem]¯n\p s]s«¶pWvSmb  ImcWw. C´y³ in]mbnamcpsS AhØ hfsc timN\obambncp¶p.
1856 {_n«njpImÀ ]pXnb F³^oÂUv tXm¡pw XncIfpw ]pd¯nd¡n. tXm¡n D]tbmKn¡p¶Xn\p ap¼mbn Xnc s]mXnªncn¡p¶ `mKw ISn¨papdn¨p thWw Xnc tXm¡n \ndbv¡m³. Xnc s]mXnª ISemkn arKs¡mgp¸p ]pc«nbn«psWvS¶ hmÀ¯ C´y³ ssk\nIsc {]tIm]nXcm¡n. CXpw Iem]w s]m«n¸pds¸Sm\pWvSmb ImcWamWv. 1857 sabv 10\v aodän s]m«n¸pds¸« Iem]w hfsc thKw cmPy¯p ]SÀ¶p]nSn¨p. {_n«njv DtZymKØsc h[n¨v UÂln ]nSns¨Sp¯ ssk\nIÀ apKÄ N{IhÀ¯nbmbncp¶ _lZqÀjm cWvSmas\ C´ybpsS N{IhÀ¯nbmbn {]Jym]n¨p. F¶mÂ, ]n¶oSp {_n«njpImÀ Xncn¨Sn¨p. XpSÀ¶v Iem]w ASn¨aÀ¯s¸«p. H¶mw C´y³ kzmX{´ykac¯nse Gähpw {][m\s¸« Hcp t\Xmhmbncp¶p Qm³knbnse dmWn e£van`mbn.1858 Pq¬ 17\v dmWn Gäpap«en sImÃs¸«p. 1858 Pq¬ 20 HmsS Iem]w ASn¨aÀ¯s¸«p. iàamb t\XrXzw CÃmbva, B[p\nI Bbp[§fpsS A`mhw, Bkq{XW¯nse ]mfn¨IÄ F¶nh Iem]w ]cmPbs¸Sm\nSbmbn. apKÄ km{amPy¯nsâ ]X\amWv Iem]¯nsâ {]XymLmX§fnsem¶v.
Iem]s¯¯pSÀ¶v CuÌv C´y I¼\n `cWw Ahkm\n¸n¨v Cw¥WvSn \n¶p cmÚn t\cn«v `cWamcw`n¨p. ssk\y¯nse kp{][m\ XkvXnIIfnseÃmw bqtdm]ysc Ahtcm[n¨v {_n«njpImÀ ssk\ys¯ ]cnjvIcn¨p.


C´y³ \mj\Â tIm¬{Kkv
1885 Unkw_À 28\v t_mws_bn \S¶ kt½f\¯nemWv C´y³ \mj\ tIm¬{Kkv cq]wsImWvSXv. Ae³ HtÎhnb³ lyqw F¶ Cw¥ojpImc\mWv tIm¬{Kknsâ Øm]I³. ZmZm_mbv \htdmPnbmWv tIm¬{Kkv F¶ t]cp \nÀtZin¨Xv. tIm¬{Kknsâ cq]oIcWIme¯v U^vdn³ {]`phmbncp¶p C´y³ ssht{kmbn. U»n.bp. kn. _m\ÀPn {]Ya A[y£³. t_mws_bn h¨p \S¶ BZy kt½f\¯n 72 {]Xn\n[nIfmWp ]s¦Sp¯Xv. 1887 AacmhXnbn \S¶ kt½f\¯n aebmfnbmb kn. i¦c³\mbÀ A[y£\mbn. C´y³ \mj\ tIm¬{Kknsâ BZy h\nXm A[y£ B\n _kâv BWv. ktcmPn\n \mbnUphmWv C´y¡mcnbmb BZy h\nXm {]knUâv. 1924se _ÂKmw kt½f\¯n KmÔnPn  C´y³ \mj\ tIm¬{Kkv A[y£\mbn.
_wKmÄ hn`P\w
1905se _wKmÄhn`P\w Igvk³ {]`phmWv \S¸m¡nbXv. `cW¯nsâ Imcy£aXbv¡p thWvSnbmWp hn`Pn¨sX¶mbncp¶p hmZw. ]Snªmd³ _wKmÄ, Ing¡³ _wKmÄ F¶n§s\bmbncp¶p hn`Pn¨Xv. hn`P\s¯ Hcp AXnÀ¯n ]p\À\nÀWbambmWv Igvk¬ {]`p hntijn¸n¨Xv. F¶mÂ, {_n«njpImcpsS `n¶n¸n¨p `cn¡Â \b¯nsâ `mKambn«mbncp¶p hn`P\w. _wKmfnse lnµp¡sfbpw apkvenwIsfbpw ]ckv]cw AIäpI F¶Xmbncp¶p Igvk¬ {]`phnsâ e£yw. _wKmfnse hfÀ¶phcp¶ tZiobX XIÀ¡pIbmbncp¶p {_n«njpImcpsS Bhiyw. hn`P\s¯ cmPys¯ lnµp¡fpw apkvenwIfpw FXnÀ¯p. "C´ybnse lnµpþapkvenw sFIy¯n\p ta h¶phoW t_mw_v' F¶mWp hn`P\s¯ kptc{µ\mYv _m\ÀPn hntijn¸n¨Xv. 1905 BKkvXv 7\v I¡¯ Su¬lmfn \S¶ henb kt½f\t¯msSbmWv _wKmÄ hn`P\ hncp² {]t£m`w Bcw`n¨Xv. hn`P\w \nehn hcp¶ 1905 HtÎm_À 16 _wKmfn ZpxJmNcWw kwLSn¸n¨p. ]n¶oSv, 1911 _wKmÄ hn`P\w d±m¡n.
Pmenb³ hmem_mKv
C´y³ kzmX{´ykac Ncn{X¯nse càcqjnXamb kw`hamWv Pmenb³ hmem_mKv Iq«s¡me.1919 G{]n 13 \mbncp¶p AXv. 1919 amÀ¨n {_n«njv kÀ¡mÀ \S¸m¡nb dueäv BÎns\Xntc cmPyhym]Iambn {]t£m`§Ä Act§dnbncp¶p. {]Xntj[n¨hÀs¡Xntc \S¶ t]menkv AXn{Ia§fn {]Xntj[n¨v G{]n 13\v AarXvkdn\Sp¯pÅ Pmenb³ hmem_mKv ssaXm\nbn Hcp s]mXptbmKw hnfn¨pIq«n. Cu kabw P\d dPn\mÄUv UbÀ F¶ ssk\nI Iam³UÀ sXm®qtdmfw hcp¶ tk\bpambn ssaXm\¯nsâ Htcsbmcp IhmSw hfªv X§fpsS shSnt¡m¸v Xocp¶Xphsc P\§Ä¡p t\sc shSnh¨p. 1800 Hmfw BfpIfmWp acn¨phoWXv.
D²wknMv

Pmenb³ hmem_mKv kw`hw a\Ên kq£n¨ D²wknMv 1940 {]XnImcw sNbvXp. A¶p Iq«s¡mesb \ymboIcn¨ ]©m_v e^vä\âv KhÀWdmbncp¶ ssa¡Â "H' Ubdns\ 1940 amÀ¨v 13\v eWvS\nse ImIvkvS¬ lmfnÂh¨v shSnh¨p sIm¶p. XpSÀ¶v Pqsse 31\v knMns\ {_n«njv tImSXn D¯chp{]Imcw Xq¡ns¡m¶p.
Cw¥ojv CuÌv C´y I¼\n
Cw¥WvSnse Hcp kwLw {]_ecmb _nkn\kpImÀ tNÀ¶v 1600emWv Cw¥ojv CuÌv C´y I¼\n cq]oIcn¨Xv. XpS¡¯n 125 Hmlcn DSaIfpw 72,000 {_n«njv ]uWvSv aqe[\hpambmWv Cw¥ojv CuÌv C´y I¼\n Bcw`n¨Xv. Hcp tPmbnâv kvtäm¡v I¼\nbmbncp¶ I¼\n "tPm¬ I¼\n' F¶pw Adnbs¸Sp¶p. Imws_, kqd¯v, t_mws_, ImÀhmÀ, XetÈcn, tImgnt¡mSv, A©psX§v, ]Sv\, [¡, I¡¯, _metkmÀ, hnimJ]«Ww, \ckm]qÀ, akqen\KÀ, a{Zmkv, skâv tUhnUv t]mÀ«vv, t]mÀt«mt\mh F¶nhnS§fn I¼\n¡p imJIfpWvSmbncp¶p. 

D¸pkXy{Klw

1930 s^{_phcn 14\v k_ÀaXn B{ia¯n tNÀ¶ AJnte´ym tIm¬{Kkv hÀ¡nMv I½nänbmWv knhn \nbaewL\ kacw \S¯m³ Xocpam\n¨Xv. CXnsâ t\XrXzw KmÔnPn GsäSp¯p. D¸p\nbaw FSp¯pIfbpI, \nIpXn hyhØIÄ FSp¯pIfbpI XpS§n \nch[n Bhiy§fp¶bn¨v amÀ¨v cWvSn\v KmÔnPn ssht{kmbn¡v Is¯gpXn. Cu  At]£ ssht{kmbn XÅn¡fªp. XpSÀ¶mWv D¸pkXy{Klw \S¯nbXv. amÀ¨v 12\v Xsâ 78 A\pbmbnIÄs¡m¸w k_ÀaXn B{ia¯nÂ\n¶v 200 ssa Zqc¯pÅ ZÞn IS¸pdt¯¡p ]Zbm{X sNbvXp. G{]n A©n\p ZÞnbnse¯nb kwLw ISÂshÅw Ipdp¡n D¸pWvSm¡n. A§s\ knhn \nbaewL\ {]Øm\¯n\p XpS¡ambn.  {_n«njpImÀs¡Xntc \S¶ cq£amb kacambncp¶p D¸pkXy{Klw. CXnsâ AesbmenIÄ cmPys¯§papWvSmbn. KpPdm¯nse hmUem D¸v Unt¸m ssItbdm³ {ian¨ Bbnc¡W¡n\p P\§Ä¡p t\sc em¯n¨mÀPv \S¶p. 1931se KmÔn þCÀhn³ Icmdns\¯pSÀ¶mWv  D¸pkXy{Klw Ahkm\n¨Xv.
C´ymhn`P\w

1947 s^{_phcnbn C´ybnte¡pÅ ]pXnb ssht{kmbnbmbn auWvSv_mä³ \nban¡s¸«p. XpSÀ¶v, A[nImc ssIamäs¯¡pdn¨v C´y³ t\Xm¡fpambn NÀ¨ \S¯n. C´ymhn`P\¯neqsS am{Xta A[nImcss¡amäw km[yamhpIbpÅq F¶p a\Ênem¡nb At±lw 1947 Pq¬ aq¶n\v hn`P\]²Xn¡v cq]w \ÂIn. auvWvSv_mäsâ ]²Xn {]Imcw _eqNnkvXm³, knÔv, t\mÀ¯v shkvtä¬ t{^mWvSnbÀ s{]mhn³kv, ]Snªmd³ ]©m_v, Ing¡³ _wKmÄ F¶nh ]mInkvXm\p e`n¨p. ]²Xnsb tIm¬{Kkv AwKoIcn¨p. auvWvSv_mäsâ Cu \o¡w "_mÄ¡³ ]²Xn' F¶dnbs¸Sp¶p.
C´y³ C³Uns]³U³kv _nÂ
1947 Pqsse 18\v {_n«njv Kh¬saâv C´y³ C³Uns]³U³kv BIväv ]mkm¡n. CtXmsS C´ymhn`P\hpambn _Ôs¸« auWvSv _mä¬ ]²Xn \S¸m¡s¸«p. CXp{]Imcw C´y, ]mInkvXm³ F¶o cWvSp cmPy§Ä \nehn h¶p. cWvSp cmPy§Ä¡pw ]pXnb KhÀWÀ P\dÂamsc \nban¨p. C´ybnse \m«pcmPy§Ä¡v AhcpsS Cã{]Imcw C´y³ bq\nb\ntem ]mInkvXm³ bq\nb\ntem tNcm\pÅ A[nImcapWvSmbncp¶p.